"Water quality assessment in superficial and underground waters near the urban wastes landfill Consorcio Bahia de Cadiz; Calidad de las aguas superficiales y subterraneas proximas al vertedero controlado de residuos soildos urbanos Consorcio Bahia de Cadiz".
Garrido Perez, M. C.; Rodriguez Barroso, M. R.; Gordillo Romero, M. D.; Quiroga Alonso, J. M.; Sales Marquez, D. Tecnologia del Agua; 199: page(s) 60-70 (1 Jul 2000).

It is set forth experimental results on an Alternative Phase Step Feed Pilot Plant (Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal) placed in San Agustin de Guadalix (Madrid CYII) WWTP. Results on IAWQ Model N. 2 calibration and evaluation of its predictive capacity are also included. Finally, it is introduced the Alphasin, Process Simulator that INFILCO uses as a design and assessment tool on Alpha Process Plants with organic matter removal exclusively or incorporating nutrients (Nitrogen and/or Phosphorus) removal.

"Natural gas motor. Technology and application for the urban waste collectors; Motor de Gas Natural. Tecnologia y Aplicacion al recolector de residuos urbanos (I)".
  Garcia Garcia, A
Residuos; 53: page(s) 26-34 (1 Jul 2000).

The objective of this work will be to expose the final result of the natural gas technology, consolidated already and of great interest in their application to the waste picking up vehicles and for extension to the remainder of those that are employed in almost all the services of a great city. We will dedicate a part of this work justifying the development of the motor and their use in the chassis of picking up vehicles, that has supposed a complex and very interesting process.

This issue studi the soil distribution and bioaccumulation by barley cultivation of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, Cr, Cd, and Ni, after application of municipal solid wastes and fermented sewage sludges to agricultural land uses. All elements were accumulated by plants on the root significantly after addition of bio solids.

"Application of urban waste water sludge in revegetation of sanitary landfills; Aplicacion de lodos de depuradora procedentes de aguas residuales urbanas en la revegetacion de vertederos de RSU (II)".
Ingelmo Sanchez, F.; Garcia Camarero, J.; Morenilla Martinez, J. J.; Bernacer Bonora, I.; Herrero Chamorro, O.; Amores Blasco, S.
Residuos; 53: page(s) 72-74 (1 Jul 2000).

The use of forest soil for re vegetating sealed urban landfills is a practice leading to economic and environmental problems. Recently, it has been demonstrated a suitable technique for minimizing soil needs in the re-vegetation of a closed urban landfill which, the layer of fertile soil usually added for plants to settle and develop in such degraded substrate is replaced by a layer of the degraded soil amended with urban anaerobic sewage sludges. In this work we expose the firsts results of a pilot project for the re-vegetation with this procedure of a closed landfill of municipal solid wastes managed by the company Gestion Integral de Residuos in a collaborative research among the Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion, the Entidad Publica de Saneamiento de Aguas Residuales de la Comunidad Valenciana and the company Depuracion de Aguas del Mediterraneo. The closed landfill has a surface of 2,6 ha and its re-vegetation will be carried out by introducing native plants (annuals, busch and trees) after incorporation into the degraded soil of the anaerobic sewage sludge at the single dose of 60 tn/ha.

"State of the art of composting plants treatment organic matter of urban solid wastes in Catalonia (II); Situacion actual de las plantas de compostaje que tratan la fraccion organica de los residuos solidos municipales en Cataluna (II)".
Alvarez, L. (Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain)); Faidella, L.; Gomez, A.; Ramirez, S.; Utrera, P.; Vergara, E.; Rieradevall, J.
Residuos; 53: page(s) 82-88 (1 Jul 2000).

The analysis of designs has allowed some positive points and another aspects to improve in the centre working. The main proficient points are related with the suitable localisation, designs centres, compost quality and the management of process remnants. The future evolution of this type of treatment depends on the answer given to certain aspects that should improve. It's needful that the project makes suitable to the definite realities, the development of new application areas for compost and the search of social acceptance by means of reducing the associated impacts. Ah this process has to be done covered with a firm and clear normative. 

"Environmental potential effects of domestic wastes combustion. Convenience of selective collecting; Efectos potenciales sobre el medio ambiente de la incineracion de RTPS domesticos. Conveniencia de una recogida selectiva de esta fraccion".
Gayam Lasierra, I.
Residuos; 53: page(s) 96-98 (1 Jul 2000). 

The domestic hazardous waste receive, usually, the same treatment that the remainder of the waste: they go directly to the incineration or to the spillway. In this context, seems interesting to make a review to the effects that these compounds produce when they are treat with the rest of the waste. It is important to manage them of correct form, creating the necessary infrastructures in order to carry out the collection of this fraction.

"A comparative study of the leachates produced by anaerobic digestion in a pilot plant and at a sanitary landfill in Asturias, Spain".
Iglesias, J.R. (Univ. of Oviedo, Higher School of Industrial and Computing Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Asturias (Spain)); Pelaez, L.C.; Maison, E.M.; Andres, H.S.
Waste Management and Research; 18 (1): page(s) 86-93 (1 Jul 2000). 

Leachates produced in a simulated landfill pilot plant were compared with those produced at the Zoreda landfill in Asturias, Spain. Three loads of different amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) were added to the pilot plant at different stages, thus forming consecutive layers. Up to the present, approximately 3,333,000 t (metric tons) of MSW have been deposited in the landfill in 2.5 m high layers which are covered with soil from the surrounding area. The organic load of the leachates as COD decreased with time in both systems from very high initial values to relatively low ones by the end of the study, although they were higher in the actual landfill (approximately 4g as opposed to 1.5 g O{sub 2} dm{sup 3} in the pilot plant). The pH decreased initially to values close to 6, but then increased to around 8. Ammoniacal-N (ammoniacal nitrogen) concentrations were high in both systems whereas metal concentrations were low.

"Effect of operating conditions and input variations on the partitioning of metals in a municipal solid waste incinerator".
Morf, L.S. (Vienna Univ. of Technology, Inst. for Water Quality and Waste Management, Vienna (Austria)); Brunner, P.H.; Spaun, S.
Waste Management and Research; 18 (1): page(s) 4-15 (1 Jul 2000).

The partitioning of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead between bottom ash and combustion flue gas was investigated in a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator. Material balances were established and transfer coefficients were determined for seven 2-h periods. Statistical analysis of the data allowed assessment of the uncertainty and investigation of the effect of waste input variations as well as process conditions. As a result, 6% of Cu, 54% of both Zn and Pb and 90% of Cd in the waste feed were transferred into the combustion flue gas, the rest was found in the bottom ash. The uncertainty of the partitioning in terms of relative width of 95% confidence intervals was estimated as 33% for Cu, 7% for Zn, 7% for Cd and 21% for Pb. Multiple linear regression indicates that, for the incinerator investigated, changes in combustion parameters have a negligible effect on the transfer coefficients of the selected metals; and the partitioning of Cd and Pb does not correlate significantly with changes in the waste composition. A significant positive regression between the transfer of Cu and the chlorine content of the waste feed was observed. The results of this study are instrumental to determine the waste composition by analysing a single combustion product only.

"Thermal treatment of electrical and electronic waste plastics".
Vehlow, J. (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Inst. for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe (Germany)); Bergfeldt, B.; Jay, K.; Seifert, H.; Wanke, T.; Mark, F.E.
Waste Management and Research; 18 (2): page(s) 131-140 (1 Jul 2000).  

During cocombustion tests up to 12 wt % of different types of electrical and electronic (E + E) waste plastics were added to pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) in a test incinerator. The increased heating value improved the burnout of the bottom ashes. The level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the raw gas was not altered significantly by the co-combustion. Even high bromine (Br) load caused only limited concentrations of bromine containing dioxins and furans in the raw gas, which did not deteriorate the emission quality. Hence MSW combustion is a beneficial disposal route for limited amounts of certain E + E waste. Metallic components should carefully be separated prior to combustion.

"Oxyanions forming elements in waste combustion - partitioning of antimony".
Paoletti, F. (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst. fuer Technische Chemie, Bereich Thermische Abfallbehandlung, Karlsruhe (Germany)); Seifert, H.; Vehlow, J.; Sirini, P.
Waste Management and Research; 18 (2): page(s) 141-150 (1 Jul 2000).

Theoretical considerations attribute a high volatility in waste combustion to antimony. Experimental investigations in a test facility, including spiking experiments, indicate that a substantial amount of antimony remains in the grate ash. The competing chemical reaction controlling this behaviour is presumably the formation of antimonates. The experiments documented the expected promoting effect of fuel bed temperature and of chlorine inventory in waste on the actual thermal mobility of antimony.

"Co-combustion and gasification projects in The Netherlands. Coal and wood fuel for electricity production: an environmentally sound solution for waste and demolition wood - large-scale biomass gasifier starting operation; Biomasse: Vergasungs- und Mitverbrennungsprojekte in den Niederlanden. T. 1. Grossanlage fuer die Vergasung von Biomasse nimmt Betrieb auf".
Penninks, F.W.M. (N.V. EPZ, Eindhoven (Netherlands)); Willeboer, W.
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik; 80 (5): page(s) 78-83 (1 Jul 2000). (In German).

A biomass gasification plant is under construction where demolition wood of low quality can thermally be utilized. This wood is contaminated with paint, adhesives, metals, etc. and can thus not be re-used e.g. for particle mats. In another plant in the Netherlands, annually about 60,000 tonnes of demolition wood are co-combusted in an existing hard coal-fired power plant (635 MW). Specially worth mentioning is here the pulverization of the demolition wood. (orig.) [German] Im Kraftwerk Amercentrale im Sueden der Niederlande wird eine Biomasse-Vergasungsanlage gebaut, in der Abbruchholz minderer Qualitaet thermisch verwertet werden kann. Dieses Holz ist kontaminiert mit Farbe, Klebstoffen, Metallen usw. und kann daher zum Beispiel nicht bei der Spanplattenherstellung wiederverwertet werden. In einer anderen Anlage in den Niederlanden werden jaehrlich rund 60 000 t Abbruchholz in einem bestehenden Kraftwerk (635 MW) mit Steinkohlefeuerung mitverbrannt. Besondere Beachtung verdient hier die Pulverisierung des Abfallholzes.

"The plant of Las Palmas (Madrid) is planning in advances in the urban solid wastes processing; La plant de Las Dehesas de adelanta al futuro en el tratamiento de RSU".
Residuos; 54: page(s) 48-50 (1 Jul 2000). 

The center of Treatment of Municipal Waste Las Dehesas located in Valdemingomez, Madrid, is the most modern of Europe and supposes a landmark in the one which to installations of this type refers, for the applied technology, the proportionate services and above all, for the special emphasis that has put on in the care and respect for the environment.

"Increasing of the efficiency of energetic production by leachating control and biogas extraction in municipal waste sanitary landfills; Incremento del rendimiento de produccion energetica mediante sistema simultaneo de control de lixiviados y extraccion de biogas en vertederos de R.S.U".
Martinez Carrillo, J.
Residuos; 54: page(s) 52-55 (1 Jul 2000).

A new practice have been introduced to combat the problems in dual extraction, leachate and biogas, where the leachate is pumped directly from the gas extraction well. Using dual extraction, leachate levels can be kept to a minimum, LFG extraction increased and methane content improved for electricity production.

"Separation by electrostatic equipments; Separacion por medios electrostaticos".
Miguel, R.; Larrauri, E.; Arnaiz, S.; Cacho, S.; Robertson, C.; Smallwood, J.; Coilt, J.; Ufer, R.; Kohnlecher, R.
Residuos; 54: page(s) 62-67 (1 Jul 2000).

Development of automated separation technologies is essential in increasing recovery rates, particularly from highly mixed sources such municipal solid wastes and wastes from electric and electronic equipment, and in reducing recycling costs. This frame moved GAIKER Technological Centre to look for new technologies that allow to recover materials such metals, plastics, papers from those waste sources. Electrostatic separation technology has been successfully applied to separate these materials collaborating to get the targets specified by legislation.

"The screen of elastic mesh (BIVITEC technology) The solution more efficiency and economic in the comported material; La criba de malla eleastica (Tecnologia Bivitec), la solucion mas eficaz y economica en el afino de compost".
Bernat, E.; Valle, J.
Residuos; 54: page(s) 68-70 (1 Jul 2000).

This article pretends to establish a technical and economical approach to the dilemma of what teams must be utilized in the installations of composting refining. The authors propose the screen of elastic mesh as the best method in order to get a better composted materials.

"Study of compost maturity produced in the composting plant in Granollers (Barcelona, Spain); Estudio de la madurez del compost producido en la planta de compostaje de Granollers (Barcelona)".
Diez Fontanet, E.; Alba Munoz, G.; Aguilera Riba, F.; Sanchez Ferrer, A.
Residuos; 54: page(s) 78-80 (1 Jul 2000).

The following article presents the determination of important parameters, which have been traditionally used in the evaluation of the compost maturity. Compost from a tunnel plant placed in Granollers (Barcelona) has been chosen during the maturation stage. The results showed that self-heating test and organic material content are the most significant maturity indexes, whereas Solvita differed from the rest of analysis. Other important parameters, such as ion exchange capacity, water content, conductivity and pH were also determined.

"Quality of compost from composting plant in Puerto Real (Cadiz, Spain); Calidad del compost procedente de la planta de compostaje de Puerto Real (Cadiz)".
Godillo Romero, M. D. (Universidad de Cadiz (Spain)); Quiroga Alonso, J. M.; Garrido Perez, C.; Rodriguez Barros, R.; Sales Marquez, D.
Residuos; 54: page(s) 83-88 (1 Jul 2000).

The compost taken from the Compost Plant, treating urban solid residues from the Consorcio Bahia de Cadiz in the municipal district of Puerto Real, Cadiz, has been analysed for its particular qualities over the years 1990-1996. With this in mind we have determined the most important of parameters with a view to defining the quality of this organic fertilizer extracted from urban solid residues (USR): pH, conductivity, rejection through net meshing, humidity, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, C/N relationship, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc and mercury. The compost gathered complies with the established legal requisites concerning fertilizers and their related substances. The quality in the first years of this study is better due possibly to the construction of the bio-recycling plant leaving the latter as a holding plant.

"New data for the discussion about combustion, dioxin and health; Nuevas aportaciones al controvertido debate sobre incineracion, dioxinas y salud".
Domingo, S. L. (Universidad Rovira i Virgili. Reus. Tarragona (Spain)).
Residuos; 54: page(s) 90-95 (1 Jul 2000).

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD) is created unintentionally as a byproduct of human activities such as combustion, paper belaching, and manufacture of chlorine and organochlorine chemicals. Most information concerning human health risks of dioxin is based on highly exposed industrial cohorts with well established high levels of exposure to TCDD. However, information regarding to the health effects from chronic exposure to low levels of dioxin is very scarce. This paper has two main goals. Firstly, to review the most known international affairs related with a massive exposure to dioxin. Secondly, to assess if the pronounced reduction detected in the emissions of dioxins and furans by the MSWI of Tarragona (Spain) would also result in a notable decrease in the levels of dioxins in environmental matrices collected in the vicinity of the MSWI. The current results show that in comparison with the emission sources of dioxins and furans in the same area of the facility, the health risks due to the current emissions of dioxins and furans by the plant would be of small significance for the population living in the neighbour hod. Moreover, we also show that the daily consumption of 200 g/day of semiskimmed milk instead of the same amount of whole milk would be much more relevant to decrease dioxin exposure that the reduction in dioxin emissions resulting from the technical improvements carried out recently in the MSWI.

"Apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sources in lower Fox River, USA, sediments by a chemical mass balance model".
Su, M.C.; Christensen, E.R.; Karls, J.F.; Kosuru, S.; Imamoglu, I.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 19 (6): page(s) 1481-1490 (1 Jun 2000). 

Four sediment cores were collected from the lower Fox River, Wisconsin, USA, to identify possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a chemical mass balance model. The cores, which were obtained in 1995 from areas close to Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, had total PAH concentrations between 19.3 and 0.34 ppm. To determine historical trends of PAH inputs, {sup 210}Pb and {sup 137}Cs dating was used, and elemental carbon particle analysis was done to characterize particles from the combustion of coal, wood, and petroleum. Source fingerprints were taken from the literature. Their results indicate that coke oven emissions, highway dust, coal gasification, and wood burning are likely sources of PAHs in the lower Fox River. Coke oven emissions are in the range of 40 to 90% of total PAHs, and this fraction decreases from 1930 to 1990, except in core Fox River-A (FR-A). The overall highway dust (HWY) contribution is between 10 and 75%, and this fraction increases from 1930 to present, except in core FR-A. The wood burning (WB) contribution is less than 7% in cores FR-B, FR-C, and FR-D. In core FR-A, a maximum ({approximately}23%) is found around 1960. The contribution of wood burning has changed from less than 6% in 1950 to between 3 and 10% in 1995. Evidence of aerobic biodegradation or photolysis in the sediment of phenanthrene, with a half-life of approximately 0.5 years has been found at the site of core FR-D, which is the shallowest (1.1 m) of the four core sites.